Coartación de aorta y su asociación con la patología mitral / Aortic Coartaction and its association with the mitral pathology

Coartaction of the aorta is characterized by a localized deformity narrowing the aortic lumen. The zone of coartaction is characteristically located beyond the origin of the left subclavian artery. Most of them are located in the zone of the posterior wall of the oposit aorta of the invertion of the ductus. The coartaction of the aorta amounts up to 5.1% of the congenital cardiac malformations and constitutes the eigth cardiac malformation in frequency; Is a malformation tipically associated with the Turner syndrome. The aims of this report were to describe and to analyze the mitral pathology and the clinicosonographic experience in patients with coarctation of the aorta associated to congenital mistral pathology during the last 10 years. An observtiona, descriptive and retrospective study was performed. The history of 103 patients with a diagnosis of coartaction of the aorta assisted in our Hospital were studied. All the patients were confirmed by color Doppler echocardiography. Assuming that the mitral pathology is a frequent association that affects strongly the morbi-mortality and the prognosis of such patients is an indisensable condition to investigate its presence in, front of a diagnosis of coartaction of the aorta (AU)

Aortic Pathologies and Pregnancy: A Special Focus on Connective Tissue Disorders.

Pregnancy represents a physiological status which, due to clear and typical hormonal and hemodynamic changes, is frequently accompanied by a high morbidity of aortic structures, in all of its segments. Such morbidity might become patent when a pregestational situation exists, especially with the mother suffering from connective tissue disorders. Nevertheless, morbid occurrences that will be met only during pregnancy are well known, with particular pathophysiological and etiological theories, as well as a diversity of treatments proposed in such an unusual setting. The authors discuss the main pathologies of aorta that are seen during pregnancy, from a theoretical point of view, and from a historical perspective as well. A special focus is made to the connective tissue disorders, and the theoretical considerations are illustrated with images of dissecting aneurysms of aorta.

Caso 1/2013: homem de 69 anos com dor súbita em dorso e membro inferior direito e choque / Case 1/2013: 69-year-old male patient with sudden back and lower right limb pain and shock

MSM, homem, 69 anos, procurou atendimento médico por dor em dorso esquerdo e membro inferior direito. A radiografia de tórax revelou alargamento do mediastino. Estava em observação quando apresentou rebaixamento da consciência e choque. Foi observado enfisema subcutâneo em hemitórax esquerdo e abolição do murmúrio vesicular em base do mesmo pulmão. Foi feita a intubação orotraqueal e realizada drenagem de hemitórax esquerdo, com saída de líquido serossanguinolento. O ecocardiograma revelou ventrículo esquerdo (D/S): 44/29 mm; septo 12 mm; parede posterior 13 mm; discreta dilatação em raiz da aorta, presença de lâmina de dissecção e hematoma periaórtico. As valvas e pericárdio eram normais. O paciente foi transferido para o InCor. O exame físico (21 out 2004: 10h45) revelou paciente sedado, com intubação orotraqueal, com palidez cutânea, frequência cardíaca 90 bpm, pressão arterial 130 x 80 mmHg, drenagem torácica sanguinolenta do dreno tórax. Eletrocardiograma - frequência 90 bpm, ritmo sinusal, baixa voltagem no plano frontal e diminuição de voltagem em derivações esquerdas (fig. 1). A tomografia revelou enfisema subcutâneo bilateral, aorta torácica com contornos imprecisos na sua porção descendente (da artéria subclávia até porção média), colapso do pulmão esquerdo e grande coleção de características hemáticas em mesmo hemitórax e no mediastino médio e posterior. Pequeno pneumotórax à direita; pequeno derrame pleural à direita com alterações do parênquima subjacente. A análise do coração foi prejudicada pela presença do hemotórax. Durante a realização de tomografia apresentou ausência de pulsos, midríase, com assistolia, sem resposta às manobras de ressuscitação e faleceu (21 out 2011; 15h).

The patient, MSM, a 69-year-old man, sought medical care due to left dorsal and right lower limb pain. The chest x-ray showed mediastinal enlargement. He was undergoing examination when he lost consciousness and went into shock. Subcutaneous emphysema was observed in the left hemithorax, as well as abolition of breath sounds at auscultation. Tracheal intubation was performed with draining of blood-tinged fluid from the left hemithorax. Echocardiography showed left ventricle with 44/29 mm; septum, 12 mm; posterior wall, 13 mm; mild aortic root dilation, dissection of the lamina and periaortic hematoma. The valves and pericardium were normal. The patient was transferred to Instituto do Coraçao - InCor. Physical examination (21 Oct 2004: 10:45) showed that the patient was sedated with tracheal intubation, pale, heart rate at 90 bpm, blood pressure 130 x 80 mmHg, bloody drainage in the chest tube. Electrocardiogram - frequency 90 bpm, sinus rhythm, low voltage in the frontal plane and decreased voltage in left leads (Fig. 1). Computed tomography showed bilateral subcutaneous emphysema, thoracic aorta with inaccurate borders in its descending portion (from the subclavian artery to the middle portion), collapsed left lung and extensive collection of hematic characteristics in same hemithorax and middle and posterior mediastinum. Small right pneumothorax; small right pleural effusion with underlying parenchymal alterations. The analysis of the heart was impaired by the presence of hemothorax. While undergoing computed tomography, the patient showed no pulse, mydriasis, with asystole unresponsive to resuscitation and died (21 Oct 2011; 15:00 h).

Resultados do tratamento cirúrgico da coarctação de aorta em adultos / Outcomes of aortic coarctation surgical treatment in adults

OBJETIVO: Reportar a experiência no tratamento cirúrgico da coarctação da aorta (CoAo) em pacientes adultos, avaliando os resultados imediatos e a médio prazo. MÉTODOS: Entre janeiro de 1987 e março de 2000, 50 pacientes consecutivos adultos foram submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico da coarctação de aorta, por toracotomia lateral esquerda. Destes, 42 (84 por cento) eram hipertensos, com pressão arterial sistólica média de 170,6 mmHg (125-220 mmHg). O gradiente médio no local da coarctação era de 51,4 mmHg (18-123 mmHg). A abordagem de doenças cardiovasculares associadas não foi realizada no mesmo tempo cirúrgico, com exceção de dois casos de persistência do canal arterial (PCA). Ressecção da CoAo e anastomose término-terminal foi realizada em 20 (40 por cento) pacientes, ampliação da área de CoAo com retalho de pericárdio bovino em 22 (44 por cento) e interposição de um tubo sintético em oito (16 por cento). RESULTADOS: A morbidade operatória foi baixa, ocorrendo apenas uma reoperação por sangramento; a ocorrência mais frequente nas primeiras horas de pós-operatório foi hipertensão, observada em 98 por cento dos pacientes, controlada com medicamentos endovenosos. Não houve óbito hospitalar. O gradiente residual médio foi de 18,7 mmHg (8-33 mmHg). O tempo médio de internação hospitalar foi de 9,5 dias (5-30 dias). O tempo médio de seguimento foi de 46,8 meses (1145 meses) em 45 (91,8 por cento) pacientes; destes, 41 (91,1 por cento) encontravam-se normotensos, sendo que 75,6 por cento sem medicamentos. Em 93,3 por cento dos pacientes, não ocorreram sintomas de qualquer natureza. Quatro pacientes foram reoperados neste período (um para implante de marca-passo definitivo, dois para troca valvar, e outro por endocardite), ocorrendo um óbito tardio por endocardite e sepse. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento cirúrgico da CoAo, mesmo em pacientes adultos, impõe-se como método terapêutico eficaz, nesta série, independentemente da técnica cirúrgica utilizada, ...

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to describe our experience in aortic coarctation surgery in adult patients by assessing the immediate and mid-term outcomes. METHODS: From January 1987 to March 2000, 50 consecutive adult patients underwent surgery for correction of aortic coarctation, through left lateral thoracotomy. Of these, forty two (84 percent) patients presented high blood pressure, with mean systolic arterial pressure of 170.56 mmHg (125-220 mmHg). The mean of pressure gradient in the coarctation area was 51.4 mmHg (18-123 mmHg). Other associated surgical cardiovascular diseases were not treated in the same operative act, except in two cases of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Three different techniques were used: aortic coarctation resection with end-to-end anastomosis was performed in 20 (40 percent) patients, coarctation enlargement with bovine pericardial patch was performed in 22 (44 percent) patients and synthetic tube interposition was performed in eight (16 percent) patients. RESULTS: Operative morbidity was low; there was one case of bleeding who required reoperation. The most common immediate postoperative event was high blood pressure (98 percent), but it was easily controlled by intravenous drugs. There was no hospital death. Mean residual pressure gradient was 18.7 (8-33 mmHg). Patients were discharged in 9.5 days (5-30). Postoperative follow-up mean was 46.8 months (1-145 months) in 45 (91.8 percent) patients. Forty one (91.1 percent) of these followed-up patients had normal blood pressure, whereas 75.6 percent of them without drugs intake. 93.3 percent of these followed-up patients were asymptomatic. Four of them required further surgical operation, one needed a pacemaker implant, other two patients needed a cardiac valve replacement and one had endocarditis. There was one related death due to sepsis secondary to endocarditis. CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment of aortic coarctation, even in adult patients, is an ...

Modificação técnica para correção de coarctação aórtica com hipoplasia do arco aórtico / Technical modification for correction of aortic coarctation using hypoplastic arch

OBJETIVO: Estudar a viabilidade técnica e resultados imediatos da modificação técnica proposta por Caliani et al. para correção da coarctação aórtica com hipoplasia do arco aórtico. MÉTODOS: Entre janeiro de 2005 e julho de 2006, nove neonatos com coarctação aórtica e hipoplasia do arco aórtico foram submetidos a uma nova abordagem cirúrgica para correção do defeito. A definição de hipoplasia do arco aórtico seguiu os critérios de Moulaert, segundo os quais o arco aórtico é considerado hipoplásico quando seu diâmetro atinge 50% do diâmetro da aorta ascendente. Nesta série, foram selecionados apenas pacientes com hipoplasia proximal e distal do arco aórtico. Várias técnicas foram propostas anteriormente, mas gradientes residuais importantes foram observados, assim como há o inconveniente da ligadura definitiva da artéria subclávia esquerda. A modificação técnica consiste em: toracotomia póstero-lateral esquerda, ampla mobilização da aorta descendente, com ligadura dos dois primeiros ramos intercostais, transecção da artéria subclávia esquerda em sua base, ressecção ampla de toda zona hipoplásica e adjacências do ducto arterioso, anastomose término-terminal entre o arco aórtico e aorta descendente com fio de PDS 7-0 e reimplante da artéria subclávia sobre a artéria carótida esquerda com anastomose látero-terminal. RESULTADOS: Não houve óbito per-operatório ou tardio, o gradiente residual médio foi de 5 mmHg. Até o presente, não observamos nenhum caso de recoarctação ou de lesão neurológica medular. CONCLUSÃO: A despeito do reduzido número de casos e do seguimento curto, esta modificação técnica pode representar uma excelente opção para tratamento deste complexo grupo de pacientes.

OBJECTIVES: To study technical feasibility and early results of the technical modification suggested by Caliani et al. for correction of aortic coarctation and aortic arc. METHODS: Between January 2005 and July 2006, nine newborn patients with aortic coarctation and significant aortic hypoplasia were selected, and underwent a new surgical approach in order to correct this aortic defect. The definition of aortic arch hypoplasia according to Moulaert's criteria is an aortic arch with a diameter that is less than 50% of the diameter of the ascending aorta. In this study, only patients with proximal and distal aortic hypoplasia were selected. Many techniques were previously used, but significant residual gradients were observed, as well as the incovenience of definitive occlusion of the left subclavian artery. The aim of this study is to describe a new surgical technique that includes left posterolateral thoracotomy, wide mobilization of descending aorta with occlusion of the first two intercostal branches, transection of the left subclavian artery at its base, wide resection of the hypoplastic area and the surronding regions of the ductus arteriosus; end-to-end anastomosis between the aortic arch and descending aorta, with 7-0 PDS thread and reimplantation of the subclavian artery into the left carotid artery with side-to-end anastomosis. RESULTS: There were no perioperative or late deaths. The mean residual gradient was 5 mmHg. Up to now, there were no cases of recoarctation or medullary neurological lesions. CONCLUSION: Despite the small number of cases and the short follow-up, this technique modification may be an excellent option for the treatment of this complex situation.

Hipertensión arterial secundaria a coartación de la aorta: a propósito de 1 caso / Blood hypertension secondary to aorta coarctation: a propos of a case

Se presentó 1 caso con forma de hipertensión arterial refractaria secundaria a coartación de la aorta diagnósticada a los 41 años de edad. Se trató de un paciente masculino con historia de hipertensión arterial desde los 19 años que no lograba control de las cifras tensionales, a pesar de una terapéutica antihipertensiva de más de 3 drogas que incluía un diurético. Al realizar el examen físico se destacó la ausencia de pulso femoral, poplíteo y pedio bilateral y marcada caída de la presión arterial en miembros inferiores, elementos de alta sospecha de coartación aórtica. Se comentó la importancia de medios diagnósticos como el Eco Doppler de miembros inferiores, la radiografía de tórax, el ecocardiograma, la angio-TAC y la aortografía, en el diagnóstico de estos casos. Se concluyó que la coartación de la aorta constituye una causa curable de hipertensión arterial secundaria que, aunque poco frecuente, debemos tener en consideración ante todo paciente joven con cifras elevadas de presión arterial y se enfatizó en la necesidad casi mandatoria de realizar un examen físico minucioso que incluya la palpación de pulsos y toma de presión arterial en miembros inferiores para lograr un diagnóstico precoz y evitar sus complicaciones potenciales.

Here is the case of a man with refractory blood hypertension secondary to aorta coarctation diagnosed at the age of 41 years. This patient had had a history of blood hypertension since he was 19 years-old but he had not managed to get his blood pressure figures under control despite hypertensive therapeutics comprising 3 drugs and one diuretic. On physical exam, there were no femoral, popliteal and pedo bilateral pulses and the fall in blood pressure of lower limbs was marked, so these elements strongly indicated aorta coarctation. Comments were made on diagnostic tools like EchoDoppler applied to the lower limbs, thoracic radiography, echocardiogram, angiography and aortography for the diagnosis of these cases. It was concluded that coarctation of the aorta is a curable cause of secondary blood hypertension that, though rare, should be taken into account in the event of a young patient with high blood pressure and that a detailed physical exam including pulse palpation and blood pressure taking in the lower limbs is almost an imperative in order to make an early diagnosis and avoid potential complications.

Immediate results of balloon angioplasty for native coarctation of the aorta

Percutaneous balloon angioplasty is a less invasive alternative to surgical repair for patients with discrete coarctation of the aorta and although the use of balloon angioplasty in patients with recurrent postoperative coarctation gained a wide consensus, the use of this technique for native coarctation is still controversial. This study was carried out to evaluate our experience in Ibn Al-Bitar cardiac center with balloon angioplasty of native coarctation of aorta. From August 2001 to May 2004, the catheterization data of 97 patients who underwent balloon angioplasty for unoperated coarctation of thoracic aorta in Ibn Al-Bitar cardiac center had been reviewed. the procedure acutely reduced the systolic gradient to less than 20 mm in 79 patients [81.3%], in 18 patients [18.7%] there was suboptimal results with residual gradient of more than 20 mmHg was reported and the systolic pressure in the ascending aorta decreased significantly [p<0.000]. Complications occurred in 17 patients [17.3%] but there were no death. This study showed that a balloon angioplasty is safe and effective treatment option alternative to surgery in the majority of patients with native coarctation and is applicable to infants, older children and adults. We recommend the use of low profile balloon to reduce arterial complications and intimal tear

Endoarterite infecciosa pós-coarctaçäo de aorta em menino de 11 anos / Infectious Endoarteritis After Aortic Coarctation in an Eleven-Year-Old Boy

The authors describe an unusual case of infectious endo-arteritis after aortic coarctation. Clinical and echocardiographic aspects and the excellent surgical results are enhanced

Os autores descrevem um caso infreqüente de endoarterite infecciosa pós-coarctação de aorta em um menino de 11 anos de idade. Peculiariedades do quadro clínico, o aspecto ecocardiográfico e o excelente resultado cirúrgico são destacados